Alkalosis-induced hypoventilation in cystic fibrosis: The importance of efficient renal adaptation.

Abstract

The lungs and kidneys are pivotal organs in the regulation of body acid-base homeostasis. In cystic fibrosis (CF), the impaired renal ability to excrete an excess amount of HCO₃^- into the urine leads to metabolic alkalosis [P. Berg et al., <i>J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.</i> 31, 1711-1727 (2020); F. Al-Ghimlas, M. E. Faughnan, E. Tullis, <i>Open Respir. Med. J.</i> 6, 59-62 (2012)]. This is caused by defective HCO₃^- secretion in the β-intercalated cells of the collecting duct that requires both the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and pendrin for normal function [P. Berg et al., <i>J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.</i> 31, 1711-1727 (2020)]. We studied the ventilatory consequences of acute oral base loading in normal, pendrin knockout (KO), and CFTR KO mice. In wild-type mice, oral base loading induced a dose-dependent metabolic alkalosis, fast urinary removal of base, and a moderate base load did not perturb ventilation. In contrast, CFTR and pendrin KO mice, which are unable to rapidly excrete excess base into the urine, developed a marked and transient depression of ventilation when subjected to the same base load. Therefore, swift renal base elimination in response to an acute oral base load is a necessary physiological function to avoid ventilatory depression. The transient urinary alkalization in the postprandial state is suggested to have evolved for proactive avoidance of hypoventilation. In CF, metabolic alkalosis may contribute to the commonly reduced lung function via a suppression of ventilatory drive.