Chilblains in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a review.
review · Level V
Where this comes from
- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 35412601.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1093/rheumatology/keac231 and PMC identifier 9383735.
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Abstract
Chilblains were first described over a hundred years ago as cutaneous inflammatory lesions, typically on the digits, occurring on cold exposure. Chilblains can be primary, or secondary to a number of conditions such as infections, including COVID-19, and immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs) with SLE being the commonest. Chilblain lupus erythematosus (CHLE) was first described in 1888 as cold-induced erythematous lesions before the terms 'chilblains' or 'perniosis' were coined. Diagnostic criteria exist for both chilblains and CHLE. Histopathologically, CHLE lesions show interface dermatitis with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. Immunofluorescence demonstrates linear deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in the dermo-epidermal junction. This narrative review focuses on chilblains secondary to immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, primarily the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of CHLE.
Medical subject headings
- Chilblains
- COVID-19
- Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
- Dermatitis
- Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous