Toward Reduction in False-Positive Thyroid Nodule Biopsies with a Deep Learning-based Risk Stratification System Using US Cine-Clip Images.

Abstract

To develop a deep learning-based risk stratification system for thyroid nodules using US cine images. In this retrospective study, 192 biopsy-confirmed thyroid nodules (175 benign, 17 malignant) in 167 unique patients (mean age, 56 years ± 16 [SD], 137 women) undergoing cine US between April 2017 and May 2018 with American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS)-structured radiology reports were evaluated. A deep learning-based system that exploits the cine images obtained during three-dimensional volumetric thyroid scans and outputs malignancy risk was developed and compared, using fivefold cross-validation, against a two-dimensional (2D) deep learning-based model (Static-2DCNN), a radiomics-based model using cine images (Cine-Radiomics), and the ACR TI-RADS level, with histopathologic diagnosis as ground truth. The system was used to revise the ACR TI-RADS recommendation, and its diagnostic performance was compared against the original ACR TI-RADS. The system achieved higher average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC, 0.88) than Static-2DCNN (0.72, <i>P</i> = .03) and tended toward higher average AUC than Cine-Radiomics (0.78, <i>P</i> = .16) and ACR TI-RADS level (0.80, <i>P</i> = .21). The system downgraded recommendations for 92 benign and two malignant nodules and upgraded none. The revised recommendation achieved higher specificity (139 of 175, 79.4%) than the original ACR TI-RADS (47 of 175, 26.9%; <i>P</i> < .001), with no difference in sensitivity (12 of 17, 71% and 14 of 17, 82%, respectively; <i>P</i> = .63). The risk stratification system using US cine images had higher diagnostic performance than prior models and improved specificity of ACR TI-RADS when used to revise ACR TI-RADS recommendation.<b>Keywords:</b> Neural Networks, US, Abdomen/GI, Head/Neck, Thyroid, Computer Applications-3D, Oncology, Diagnosis, Supervised Learning, Transfer Learning, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) <i>Supplemental material is available for this article</i>. © RSNA, 2022.