Warming and redistribution of nitrogen inputs drive an increase in terrestrial nitrous oxide emission factor.

Abstract

Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs cause major negative environmental impacts, including emissions of the important greenhouse gas N₂O. Despite their importance, shifts in terrestrial N loss pathways driven by global change are highly uncertain. Here we present a coupled soil-atmosphere isotope model (IsoTONE) to quantify terrestrial N losses and N₂O emission factors from 1850-2020. We find that N inputs from atmospheric deposition caused 51% of anthropogenic N₂O emissions from soils in 2020. The mean effective global emission factor for N₂O was 4.3 ± 0.3% in 2020 (weighted by N inputs), much higher than the surface area-weighted mean (1.1 ± 0.1%). Climate change and spatial redistribution of fertilisation N inputs have driven an increase in global emission factor over the past century, which accounts for 18% of the anthropogenic soil flux in 2020. Predicted increases in fertilisation in emerging economies will accelerate N₂O-driven climate warming in coming decades, unless targeted mitigation measures are introduced.