Cytokine production by newborns: influence of sex and season of birth.

Abstract

Immune signatures at birth could be associated with clinical outcomes and will improve our understanding of immunity prenatal programming. Data come from 235 newborns from the cohort study NELA. Production of cytokines was determined using Luminex technology. Associations between cytokine concentrations with sex and season of birth were examined by multivariate regression models. Umbilical cord blood cells produced high levels of inflammatory cytokines, moderate levels of Th1/Th2/Tr-related cytokines, and low levels of Th17 cytokines. Compared to females, male newborn cells secreted higher levels of Th2 (peptidoglycan-stimulated IL-13, odds ratio [OR] = 2.26; 95% CI 1.18, 4.31, p value = 0.013) and Th17 (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid-stimulated IL-23, OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.01, 3.27, p value = 0.046) and lower levels of Th1 (olive-stimulated IL-2, OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.31, 0.99, p value = 0.047) cytokines. Also, children born during warm seasons showed decreased innate cytokine response to peptidoglycan (IL-6, OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.15, 0.52, p value < 0.001) compared to those born in cold seasons; meanwhile, adaptive immunity cytokines were more frequently secreted by children born during warm seasons in response to allergen extracts (IL-10, OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.12, 3.96, p value = 0.020; IL-17F, OR = 3.31, 95% CI 1.83, 5.99, p value < 0.001). Newborns showed specific cytokines signatures influenced by sex and season of birth. There is a limited number of population-based studies on the immune status at birth and the influence of prenatal and perinatal factors on it. Characterization of cytokine signatures at birth related to the prenatal environment could improve our understanding of immunity prenatal programming. Newborns exhibit specific unstimulated and stimulated cytokine signatures influenced by sex and season of birth. Unstimulated and stimulated cytokine signatures in newborns may be associated with the development of related clinical outcomes later in life.