New Horizons: Emerging Antidiabetic Medications.

Abstract

Over the past century, since the discovery of insulin, the therapeutic offer for diabetes has grown exponentially, in particular for type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the drugs in the diabetes pipeline are even more promising because of their impressive antihyperglycemic effects coupled with remarkable weight loss. An ideal medication for T2D should target not only hyperglycemia but also insulin resistance and obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and the new class of GLP1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide dual RAs counteract 2 of these metabolic defects of T2D, hyperglycemia and obesity, with stunning results that are similar to the effects of metabolic surgery. An important role of antidiabetic medications is to reduce the risk and improve the outcome of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease and heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, as well as diabetic nephropathy, as shown by SGLT2 inhibitors. This review summarizes the main drugs currently under development for the treatment of type 1 diabetes and T2D, highlighting their strengths and side effects.