Magnetothermal Control of Temperature-Sensitive Repressors in Superparamagnetic Iron Nanoparticle-Coated <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>.

Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI), and resulting images can be used to guide magnetothermal heating. Alternating magnetic fields (AMF) cause local temperature increases in regions with SPIONs, and we investigated the ability of magnetic hyperthermia to regulate temperature-sensitive repressors (TSRs) of bacterial transcription. The TSR, TlpA39, was derived from a Gram-negative bacterium and used here for thermal control of reporter gene expression in Gram-positive, <i>Bacillus subtilis. In vitro</i> heating of <i>B. subtilis</i> with TlpA39 controlling bacterial luciferase expression resulted in a 14.6-fold (12 hours; h) and 1.8-fold (1 h) increase in reporter transcripts with a 10.0-fold (12 h) and 12.1-fold (1 h) increase in bioluminescence. To develop magnetothermal control, <i>B. subtilis</i> cells were coated with three SPION variations. Electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed an external association with, and retention of, SPIONs on <i>B. subtilis</i>. Furthermore, using long duration AMF we demonstrated magnetothermal induction of the TSRs in SPION-coated <i>B. subtilis</i> with a maximum of 5.6-fold increases in bioluminescence. After intramuscular injections of SPION-coated <i>B. subtilis</i>, histology revealed that SPIONs remained in the same locations as the bacteria. For <i>in vivo</i> studies, 1 h of AMF is the maximum exposure due to anesthesia constraints. Both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, there was no change in bioluminescence after 1 h of AMF treatment. Pairing TSRs with magnetothermal energy using SPIONs for localized heating with AMF can lead to transcriptional control that expands options for targeted bacteriotherapies.