Effect of non-pharmacological interventions on adults with cardiovascular risk in a rural community.

Abstract

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with three-fourth of deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India. Currently, three out of the top five causes of morbidity and mortality in the country are NCDs. This study evaluated the impact of non-pharmacological interventions as a comprehensive approach toward adults with cardiovascular risk in Indian rural communities. It was a quasi-experimental study conducted in Rishikesh, a holy city of Uttarakhand known as the world's yoga capital at the foothills of Himalaya. Out of 87 villages, four villages were randomly selected. Eighty-eight participants were enrolled (22 from each village and household). It was a multi-stage random sampling. All the participants with cardiovascular risk and age >30 years were recruited. Pregnant, severely ill, and unwilling to consent were excluded. Non-pharmacological intervention as a comprehensive approach, including yoga, meditation, mental health counseling, dietary counseling, tobacco, and alcohol cessation counseling has been provided to cardiovascular risk participants. Data of 76 participants were analyzed as the per-protocol analysis method. The drop-out rate was 13.63%. Male and female participants were 52 (68.4%) and 24 (31.6%) in number. Mean age of the participants was 55.28 ± 13.64 years. Diastolic blood pressure or DBP (<i>P</i> = 0.017*), systolic blood pressure or SBP (<i>P</i> = 0.008**), waist circumference (WC) (<i>P</i> = 0.000**), waist-to-hip ratio (<i>P</i> = 0.000**) and waist-to-height ratio (<i>P</i> = 0.000**) significantly improved in the post intervention group. Non-pharmacological interventions as a comprehensive approach can significantly reduce modifiable risk factors for cardio-metabolic disease.