Origin of Subgap States in Normal-Insulator-Superconductor van der Waals Heterostructures.

Karnatak, Paritosh; Mingazheva, Zarina; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Berger, Helmuth; Forró, László; Schönenberger, Christian · Nano Lett · 2023

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Superconductivity in van der Waals materials, such as NbSe<sub>2</sub> and TaS<sub>2</sub>, is fundamentally novel due to the effects of dimensionality, crystal symmetries, and strong spin-orbit coupling. In this work, we perform tunnel spectroscopy on NbSe<sub>2</sub> by utilizing MoS<sub>2</sub> or hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as a tunnel barrier. We observe subgap excitations and probe their origin by studying various heterostructure designs. We show that the edge of NbSe<sub>2</sub> hosts many defect states, which strongly couple to the superconductor and form Andreev bound states. Furthermore, by isolating the NbSe<sub>2</sub> edge we show that the subgap states are ubiquitous in MoS<sub>2</sub> tunnel barriers but absent in hBN tunnel barriers, suggesting defects in MoS<sub>2</sub> as their origin. Their magnetic nature reveals a singlet- or a doublet-type ground state, and based on nearly vanishing <i>g</i> factors or avoided crossings of subgap excitations, we highlight the role of strong spin-orbit coupling.