Advances in extracellular vesicle functionalization strategies for tissue regeneration.
review · Level V
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 37056271.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.07.022 and PMC identifier 10087114.
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scale vesicles derived by cell secretion with unique advantages such as promoting cell proliferation, anti-inflammation, promoting blood vessels and regulating cell differentiation, which benefit their wide applications in regenerative medicine. However, the <i>in vivo</i> therapeutic effect of EVs still greatly restricted by several obstacles, including the off-targetability, rapid blood clearance, and undesired release. To address these issues, biomedical engineering techniques are vastly explored. This review summarizes different strategies to enhance EV functions from the perspective of drug loading, modification, and combination of biomaterials, and emphatically introduces the latest developments of functionalized EV-loaded biomaterials in different diseases, including cardio-vascular system diseases, osteochondral disorders, wound healing, nerve injuries. Challenges and future directions of EVs are also discussed.