Novel 3D printable PEEK-HA-Mg₂SiO₄ composite material for spine implants: biocompatibility and imaging compatibility assessments.

Abstract

To develop a novel 3D printable polyether ether ketone (PEEK)-hydroxyapatite (HA)-magnesium orthosilicate (Mg₂SiO₄) composite material with enhanced properties for potential use in tumour, osteoporosis and other spinal conditions. We aim to evaluate biocompatibility and imaging compatibility of the material. Materials were prepared in three different compositions, namely composite A: 75 weight % PEEK, 20 weight % HA, 5 weight % Mg₂SiO₄; composite B: 70 weight% PEEK, 25 weight % HA, 5 weight % Mg₂SiO₄; and composite C: 65 weight % PEEK, 30 weight % HA, 5 weight % Mg₂SiO₄. The materials were processed to obtain 3D printable filament. Biomechanical properties were analysed as per ASTM standards and biocompatibility of the novel material was evaluated using indirect and direct cell cytotoxicity tests. Cell viability of the novel material was compared to PEEK and PEEK-HA materials. The novel material was used to 3D print a standard spine cage. Furthermore, the CT and MR imaging compatibility of the novel material cage vs PEEK and PEEK-HA cages were evaluated using a phantom setup. Composite A resulted in optimal material processing to obtain a 3D printable filament, while composite B and C resulted in non-optimal processing. Composite A enhanced cell viability up to ~ 20% compared to PEEK and PEEK-HA materials. Composite A cage generated minimal/no artefacts on CT and MR imaging and the images were comparable to that of PEEK and PEEK-HA cages. Composite A demonstrated superior bioactivity vs PEEK and PEEK-HA materials and comparable imaging compatibility vs PEEK and PEEK-HA. Therefore, our material displays an excellent potential to manufacture spine implants with enhanced mechanical and bioactive property.