Unraveling Anisotropic and Pulsating Etching of ZnO Nanorods in Hydrochloric Acid via Correlative Electron Microscopy.

Abstract

Despite much technical progress achieved so far, the exact surface and shape evolution during wet chemical etching is less unraveled, especially in ionically bonded ceramics. Herein, by using <i>in situ</i> liquid cell transmission electron microscopy, a repeated two-stage anisotropic and pulsating periodic etching dynamic is discovered during the pencil shape evolution of a single crystal ZnO nanorod in aqueous hydrochloric acid. Specifically, the nanopencil tip shrinks at a slower rate along [0001̅] than that along the ⟨101̅0⟩ directions, resulting in a sharper ZnO pencil tip. Afterward, rapid tip dissolution happens due to accelerated etching rates along various crystal directions. Concurrently, the vicinal base region of the original nanopencil tip emerges as a new tip followed by the repeated sequence of tip shrinking and removal. The high-index surfaces, such as {101̅<i>m</i>} (<i>m</i> = 0, 1, 2, or 3) and {21̅ 1̅<i>n</i>} (<i>n</i> = 0, 1, 2, or 3), are found to preferentially expose in different ratios. Our 3D electron tomography, convergent beam electron diffraction, middle-angle bright-field STEM, and XPS results indicate the dissociative Cl^- species were bound to the Zn-terminated tip surfaces. Furthermore, DFT calculation suggests the preferential Cl^- passivation over the {101̅1} and (0001) surfaces of lower energy than others, leading to preferential surface exposures and the oscillatory variation of different facet etching rates. The boosted reactivity due to high-index nanoscale surface exposures is confirmed by comparatively enhanced chemical sensing and CO₂ hydrogenation activity. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of anisotropic wet chemical etching of ionic nanocrystals and offer a design strategy for advanced functional materials.