DPPA5A suppresses the mutagenic TLS and MMEJ pathways by modulating the cryptic splicing of <i>Rev1</i> and <i>Polq</i> in mouse embryonic stem cells.

Abstract

Genetic alterations are often acquired during prolonged propagation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). This ruins the stem cell quality and hampers their full applications. Understanding how PSCs maintain genomic integrity would provide the clues to overcome the hurdle. It has been known that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) utilize high-fidelity pathways to ensure genomic stability, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we show that many DNA damage response and repair genes display differential alternative splicing in mouse ESCs compared to differentiated cells. Particularly, <i>Rev1</i> and <i>Polq</i>, two key genes for mutagenic translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) and microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) repair pathways, respectively, display a significantly higher rate of cryptic exon (CE) inclusion in ESCs. The frequent CE inclusion disrupts the normal protein expressions of REV1 and POLθ, thereby suppressing the mutagenic TLS and MMEJ. Further, we identify an ESC-specific RNA binding protein DPPA5A which stimulates the CE inclusion in <i>Rev1</i> and <i>Polq</i>. Depletion of DPPA5A in mouse ESCs decreased the CE inclusion of <i>Rev1</i> and <i>Polq</i>, induced the protein expression, and stimulated the TLS and MMEJ activity. Enforced expression of DPPA5A in NIH3T3 cells displayed reverse effects. Mechanistically, we found that DPPA5A directly regulated CE splicing of <i>Rev1</i>. DPPA5A associates with U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein of the spliceosome and binds to the GA-rich motif in the CE of <i>Rev1</i> to promote CE inclusion. Thus, our study uncovers a mechanism to suppress mutagenic TLS and MMEJ pathways in ESCs.