The tight attachment achieved by the male discoidal setae is possibly a counter-adaptation to the grease layer on female integument surfaces in green dock beetles.

Abstract

Green dock beetles <i>Gastrophysa viridula</i> exhibit sexual dimorphism in tarsal attachment setae: females have only pointed, lanceolate and spatula-like setae, while males additionally possess discoidal ones. The sexual dimorphism is probably attributed to the necessity of male discoidal setae to adhere to the smooth back of the female during copulation. We aimed to understand its possible mechanism of attachment with <i>G. viridula</i>. Pull-off forces of both females and males were measured on (i) alive females, (ii) dead and dried females, and (iii) resin replicas of fresh females. The attachment ability tended to increase on dead and replicated female surfaces in both sexes, which indicates that the epicuticular grease layer on the integument of alive intact beetles decreases the attachment. This tendency was prominent in females. The present study clearly showed that in <i>G. viridula</i> discoidal setae enable the males to adhere stronger to female surfaces. The divergent performance found between the sexes differing in their setal composition is probably caused by the stiffness difference between the setae types and by the specific shape of the setal tips. A peculiar reproductive biology in <i>G. viridula</i> is probably attributed to this remarkable divergence of labour in their attachment pads between the sexes.