Iron oxide nanozymes stabilize stannous fluoride for targeted biofilm killing and synergistic oral disease prevention.

Abstract

Dental caries is the most common human disease caused by oral biofilms despite the widespread use of fluoride as the primary anticaries agent. Recently, an FDA-approved iron oxide nanoparticle (ferumoxytol, Fer) has shown to kill and degrade caries-causing biofilms through catalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide. However, Fer cannot interfere with enamel acid demineralization. Here, we show notable synergy when Fer is combined with stannous fluoride (SnF₂), markedly inhibiting both biofilm accumulation and enamel damage more effectively than either alone. Unexpectedly, we discover that the stability of SnF₂ is enhanced when mixed with Fer in aqueous solutions while increasing catalytic activity of Fer without any additives. Notably, Fer in combination with SnF₂ is exceptionally effective in controlling dental caries in vivo, even at four times lower concentrations, without adverse effects on host tissues or oral microbiome. Our results reveal a potent therapeutic synergism using approved agents while providing facile SnF₂ stabilization, to prevent a widespread oral disease with reduced fluoride exposure.