Advanced biomaterial agent from chitosan/poloxamer 407-based thermosensitive hydrogen containing biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extract.

Abstract

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens poses a significant challenge for global public health systems, increasing hospital morbidity and mortality and prolonged hospitalization. We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of a thermosensitive hydrogel containing bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) based on chitosan/poloxamer 407 using a leaf extract of Eucalyptus calmadulensis. The thermosensitive hydrogel was prepared by a cold method after mixing the ingredients and left at 4°C overnight to ensure the complete solubilization of poloxamer 407. The stability of the hydrogel formulation was evaluated at room temperature for 3 months, and the absorption peak (420 nm) of the NPs remained unchanged. The hydrogel formulation demonstrated rapid gelation under physiological conditions, excellent water retention (85%), and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against MDR clinical isolates and ATCC strains. In this regard, minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum microbial concentration values of the bio-AgNPs ranged from 2-8 μg/mL to 8-128 μg/mL, respectively. Formulation at concentrations <64 μg/mL showed no cytotoxic effect on human-derived macrophages (THP-1 cells) with no induction of inflammation. The formulated hydrogel could be used in biomedical applications as it possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum and anti-inflammatory properties without toxic effects on human cells.