Functional lung imaging of 2-year-old children after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair using dynamic mode decomposition MRI.

Abstract

To investigate the feasibility of non-contrast-enhanced functional lung imaging in 2-year-old children after congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) repair. Fifteen patients after CDH repair were examined using non-contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For imaging two protocols were used during free-breathing: Protocol A with high temporal resolution and Protocol B with high spatial resolution. The dynamic images were then analysed through a recently developed post-processing method called dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) to obtain ventilation and perfusion maps. The ventilation ratios (V_Ratio) and perfusion ratios (Q_Ratio) of ipsilateral to contralateral lung were compared to evaluate functional differences. Lastly, DMD MRI-based perfusion results were compared with perfusion parameters obtained using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI to assess agreement between methods. Both imaging protocols successfully generated pulmonary ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) maps in all patients. Overall, the V_Ratio and Q_Ratio values were 0.84 ± 0.19 and 0.70 ± 0.24 for Protocol A, and 0.88 ± 0.18 and 0.72 ± 0.23 for Protocol B, indicating reduced ventilation ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.05</mn></mrow> </math> ) and perfusion ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.01</mn></mrow> </math> ) on the ipsilateral side. Moreover, there is a very strong positive correlation ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>r</mi> <mo>></mo> <mn>0.89</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.01</mn></mrow> </math> ) and close agreement between DMD MRI-based perfusion values and DCE MRI-based perfusion parameters. DMD MRI can obtain pulmonary functional information in 2-year-old CDH patients. The results obtained with DMD MRI correlate with DCE MRI, without the need for ionising radiation or exposure to contrast agents. While further studies with larger cohorts are warranted, DMD MRI is a promising option for functional lung imaging in CDH patients. We demonstrate that pulmonary ventilation and perfusion information can be obtained in 2-year-old patients after CDH repair, without the need for ionising radiation or contrast agents by utilising non-contrast-enhanced MRI acquisitions together with dynamic mode decomposition analysis. • Non-contrast-enhanced functional MR imaging is a promising option for functional lung imaging in 2-year-old children after congenital diaphragmatic hernia. • DMD MRI can generate pulmonary ventilation and perfusion maps from free-breathing dynamic acquisitions without the need for ionising radiation or contrast agents. • Lung perfusion parameters obtained with DMD MRI correlate with perfusion parameters obtained using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.