Role of Three-Dimensional Guides in Management of Forearm and Wrist Malunions.

Abstract

Although its precise added value and cost-effectiveness need to be determined, three-dimensional (3D) planning and intraoperative guidance facilitate restoration of normal anatomy. The use of 3D computer planning and patient-specific intraoperative guides leads to more accurate and reproducible correction of forearm and wrist malunion. Its value augments with increasing complexity of deformities. Combined deformities and complex intra-articular malunions of the forearm and wrist benefit the most from the use of 3D techniques. New technical developments, including lower-dose scanning technology, software improvement, artificial intelligence, and in-hospital printing, may lower the associated costs and make its application more accessible.