Stabilizing Crystal Framework of an Overlithiated Li_1+<i>x</i>Mn₂O₄ Cathode by Heterointerfacial Epitaxial Strain for High-Performance Microbatteries.

Abstract

To meet the increasing demands of high-energy and high-power-density lithium-ion microbatteries, overlithiated Li_1+<i>x</i>Mn₂O₄ (0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 1) is an attractive cathode candidate due to the high theoretical capacity of 296 mAh g^-1 and the interconnected lithium-ion diffusion pathways. However, overlithiation triggers the irreversible cubic-tetragonal phase transition due to Jahn-Teller distortion, causing rapid capacity degradation. In contrast to conventional lithium-ion batteries, microbatteries offer the opportunity to develop specific thin-film-based modification strategies. Here, heterointerfacial lattice strain is proposed to stabilize the spinel crystal framework of an overlithiated Li_1+<i>x</i>Mn₂O₄ (LMO) cathode by epitaxial thin film growth on an underlying SrRuO₃ (SRO) electronic conductor layer. It is demonstrated that the lattice misfit at the LMO/SRO heterointerface results in an in-plane epitaxial constraint in the full LMO film. This suppresses the lattice expansion during overlithiation that typically occurs in the in-plane direction. It is proposed by density functional theory modeling that the epitaxial constraint can accommodate the internal lattice stress originating from the cubic-tetragonal transition during overlithiation. As a result, a doubling of the capacity is achieved by reversibly intercalating a second lithium ion in a LiMn₂O₄ epitaxial cathode with a complete reversible phase transition. An impressive cycling stability can be obtained with reversible capacity retentions of above 90.3 and 77.4% for the 4 and 3 V range, respectively. This provides an effective strategy toward a stable overlithiated Li_1+<i>x</i>Mn₂O₄ epitaxial cathode for high-performance microbatteries.