Validation of the Oswestry Disability Index in Adult Spinal Deformity.

Abstract

Retrospective cohort. To examine the validity of the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) in patients with adult spinal deformity (ASD) treated with surgery. The ODI is a patient-reported outcome measure of low back pain and disability. Although nearly ubiquitous in ASD research, the measure has not been validated in this patient population. A registry of patients with ASD was queried for baseline and 1-year PROM data, including the ODI, the Scoliosis Research Society-22r (SRS-22r), and the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Pain Interference (PI) and Physical Function (PF) CATs. Internal reliability was assessed with Cronbach alpha, where values ≥0.7 are considered reliable. Validity was assessed with Spearman correlation coefficients calculated for the ODI against validated Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-PI and PF, and legacy measures SRS-Pain and SRS-Activity. Responsiveness to change was measured with the adjusted effect size. A total of 325 patients were enrolled, with 208 completing baseline and 1-year patient-reported outcome measures. The majority (149, 72%) were females and White (193, 93%), median Charlson Comorbidity Index 0 (interquartile range: 0-2). The majority of cases included sagittal plane deformity [mean T1PA: 24.2° (13.9)]. Cronbach alpha showed excellent internal reliability (baseline = 0.89, 1 yr = 0.90). ODI was valid, with strong correlations between PROMIS-PI, PROMIS-PF, SRS-Pain, and SRS-Activity at baseline and 1-year follow-up. All measures were responsive to change, with the ODI showing greater responsiveness than PROMIS-PI, PROMIS-PF, and SRS-Activity. The ODI is a valid measure of disability as measured by pain and function in patients with ASD. It is responsive to change in a manner not different from validated PROMIS-CAT or the SRS-22r legacy measure. It is multidimensional, however, as it assesses both pain and function simultaneously. It does not measure disability related to self-image and may not account for all disease-related disability in patients with ASD.