Squaraine Dyes Exhibit Spontaneous Fluorescence Blinking That Enables Live-Cell Nanoscopy.

Zhao, Bingjie; Guan, Daoming; Liu, Jinyang; Zhang, Xuebo; Xiao, Shuzhang; Zhang, Yunxiang; Smith, Bradley D; Liu, Qian · Nano Lett · 2024

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Hampered by their susceptibility to nucleophilic attack and chemical bleaching, electron-deficient squaraine dyes have long been considered unsuitable for biological imaging. This study unveils a surprising twist: in aqueous environments, bleaching is not irreversible but rather a reversible spontaneous quenching process. Leveraging this new discovery, we introduce a novel deep-red squaraine probe tailored for live-cell super-resolution imaging. This probe enables single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) under physiological conditions without harmful additives or intense lasers and exhibits spontaneous blinking orchestrated by biological nucleophiles, such as glutathione or hydroxide anion. With a low duty cycle (∼0.1%) and high-emission rate (∼6 × 10<sup>4</sup> photons/s under 400 W/cm<sup>2</sup>), the squaraine probe surpasses the benchmark Cy5 dye by 4-fold and Si-rhodamine by a factor of 1.7 times. Live-cell SMLM with the probe reveals intricate structural details of cell membranes, which demonstrates the high potential of squaraine dyes for next-generation super-resolution imaging.