Water Catchers within Sub-Nano Channels Promote Step-by-Step Zinc-Ion Dehydration Enable Highly Efficient Aqueous Zinc-Metal Batteries.

Abstract

Zinc metal suffers from violent and long-lasting water-induced side reactions and uncontrollable dendritic Zn growth, which seriously reduce the coulombic efficiency (CE) and lifespan of aqueous zinc-metal batteries (AZMBs). To suppress the corresponding harmful effects of the highly active water, a stable zirconium-based metal-organic framework with water catchers decorated inside its sub-nano channels is used to protect Zn-metal. Water catchers within narrow channels can constantly trap water molecules from the solvated Zn-ions and facilitate step-by-step desolvation/dehydration, thereby promoting the formation of an aggregative electrolyte configuration, which consequently eliminates water-induced corrosion and side reactions. More importantly, the functionalized sub-nano channels also act as ion rectifiers and promote fast but even Zn-ions transport, thereby leading to a dendrite-free Zn metal. As a result, the protected Zn metal demonstrates an unprecedented cycling stability of more than 10 000 h and an ultra-high average CE of 99.92% during 4000 cycles. More inspiringly, a practical NH₄V₄O₁₀//Zn pouch-cell is fabricated and delivers a capacity of 98 mAh (under high cathode mass loading of 25.7 mg cm^-2) and preserves 86.2% capacity retention after 150 cycles. This new strategy in promoting highly reversible Zn metal anodes would spur the practical utilization of AZMBs.