Ligand-Induced Atomically Segregation-Tunable Alloy Nanoprobes for Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Abstract

Bimetallic iron-noble metal alloy nanoparticles have emerged as promising contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to their biocompatibility and facile control over the element distribution. However, the inherent surface energy discrepancy between iron and noble metal often leads to Fe atom segregation within the nanoparticle, resulting in limited iron-water molecule interactions and, consequently, diminished relaxometric performance. In this study, we present the development of a class of ligand-induced atomically segregation-tunable alloy nanoprobes (STAN) composed of bimetallic iron-gold nanoparticles. By manipulating the oxidation state of Fe on the particle surface through varying molar ratios of oleic acid and oleylamine ligands, we successfully achieve surface Fe enrichment. Under the application of a 9 T MRI system, the optimized STAN formulation, characterized by a surface Fe content of 60.1 at %, exhibits an impressive <i>r</i>1 value of 2.28 mM^-1·s^-1, along with a low <i>r</i>2/<i>r</i>1 ratio of 6.2. This exceptional performance allows for the clear visualization of hepatic tumors as small as 0.7 mm in diameter <i>in vivo</i>, highlighting the immense potential of STAN as a next-generation contrast agent for highly sensitive MR imaging.