Pandemic-induced changes in household-level food diversity and diet quality in the U.S.

Abstract

Using household-level U.S. food-purchase data, this study investigates pandemic-induced changes in two measures of diet quality, a Berry Index that measures food diversity and a USDAScore that measures adherence to dietary guidelines. Using NielsenIQ consumer panel data and a total of XXX households that neither moved location nor left the panel from 2018 through 2020, we estimate an event-study model where each household's diet quality measures before and during the pandemic period are compared against the same households' scores one year prior. In the two-to-three months following pandemic-based school closures, which spanned the March-June 2020 period, depending on the specific U.S. state, we find modest increases in food diversity (of up to 2.6 percent compared to the prior year) for the Berry Index and larger temporary increases (of up to 8.5 percent) in diet quality as measured by the USDAScore. We also find that households with different demographic characteristics generally follow the same patters; however, households with young children, low-income households, and households that do not own a vehicle exhibit smaller increases.