Co-Expression of type 1 fimbriae and flagella in <i>Escherichia coli</i>: consequences for adhesion at interfaces.

Abstract

<i>Escherichia coli</i> expresses surface appendages including fimbriae, flagella, and curli, at various levels in response to environmental conditions and external stimuli. Previous studies have revealed an interplay between expression of fimbriae and flagella in several <i>E. coli</i> strains, but how this regulation between fimbrial and flagellar expression affects adhesion to interfaces is incompletely understood. Here, we investigate how the concurrent expression of fimbriae and flagella by engineered strains of <i>E. coli</i> MG1655 affects their adhesion at liquid-solid and liquid-liquid interfaces. We tune fimbrial and flagellar expression on the cell surface through plasmid-based inducible expression of the <i>fim</i> operon and <i>fliC-flhDC</i> genes. We show that increased fimbrial expression increases interfacial adhesion as well as bacteria-driven actuation of micron-sized objects. Co-expression of flagella in fimbriated bacteria, however, does not greatly affect either of these properties. Together, these results suggest that interfacial adhesion as well as motion actuated by adherent bacteria can be altered by controlling the expression of surface appendages.