Understanding the in-situ transformation of Cu<sub>x</sub>O interlayers to increase the water splitting efficiency in NiO/n-Si photoanodes.
basic_science · Level V
Where this comes from
- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 39085223.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-50893-x and PMC identifier 11291650.
- Licence recorded as CC BY-NC-ND.
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Abstract
The buried interface tens of nanometers beneath the solid-liquid junction is crucial for photocarrier extraction, influencing the overall efficiency of photoelectrochemical devices. Precise characterization of the interfacial properties is essential for device optimization but remains challenging. Here, we directly probe the in situ transformation of a Cu<sub>x</sub>O interlayer at the NiO/n-Si interface by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that Cu(I) in the Cu<sub>x</sub>O interlayer gradually transforms to Cu(II) with air exposure, forming an energetically more favorable interface and improving photoanode's efficiency. Based on this finding, a reactive e-beam evaporation process is developed for the direct deposition of a CuO interlayer, achieving a half-cell solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 4.56% for the optimized NiO/CuO/n-Si heterojunction photoanode. Our results highlight the importance of precision characterization of interfacial properties with advanced hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in guiding the design of efficient solar water-splitting devices.