Emergence of biconnected clusters in explosive percolation.

Abstract

By introducing a simple competition mechanism for bond insertion in random graphs, explosive percolation exhibits a sharp phase transition with rich critical phenomena. We investigate high-order connectivity in explosive percolation using an event-based ensemble, focusing on biconnected clusters, where any two sites are connected by at least two independent paths. Our numerical analysis confirms that explosive percolation with different intracluster bond competition rules shares the same percolation threshold and universality, with biconnected clusters percolating simultaneously with simply connected clusters. However, the volume fractal dimension d_{f}^{'} of biconnected clusters varies depending on the competition rules of intracluster bonds. The size distribution of biconnected clusters exhibits double-scaling behavior: large clusters follow the standard Fisher exponent derived from the hyperscaling relation τ^{'}=1+1/d_{f}^{'}, while small clusters display a modified Fisher exponent τ_{0}<τ^{'}. These findings provide insights into the intricate nature of connectivity in explosive percolation.