LRG1-Targeted Nintedanib Delivery for Enhanced Renal Fibrosis Mitigation.

Abstract

Renal fibrosis lacks effective nephroprotective drugs in clinical settings due to poor accumulation of therapeutic agents in damaged kidneys, underscoring the urgent need for advanced renal-targeted delivery systems. Herein, we exploited the significantly increased expression of the leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) protein during renal fibrosis to develop a novel drug delivery system. Our engineered nanocarrier, DEN^NM, preferentially targets fibrotic kidneys via the decorated ET peptide's high affinity for LRG1. Once internalized by damaged renal cells, DEN^NM releases its encapsulated nintedanib, triggered by the active caspase-3 protease, disrupting the nanomedicine's structural integrity. The released nintedanib effectively reduces the level of expression of the extracellular matrix and impedes the progression of renal fibrosis by inhibiting the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-Smad2/3 pathway. Our comprehensive <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies validate DEN^NM's antifibrotic efficacy, emphasizing LRG1's potential in renal targeted drug delivery and introducing an innovative approach to nanomedicine for treating renal fibrosis.