Visualizing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Derived Inflammation in Atherosclerosis.

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) usage has resulted in immune-related adverse events in patients with cancer, such as accelerated atherosclerosis. Of immune cells involved in atherosclerosis, the role of CCR2+ (CC motif chemokine receptor 2-positive) proinflammatory macrophages is well documented. However, there is no noninvasive approach to determine the changes of these cells in vivo following ICI treatment and explore the underlying mechanisms of immune-related adverse events. Herein, we aim to use a CCR2 (CC motif chemokine receptor 2)-targeted radiotracer and positron emission tomography (PET) to assess the aggravated inflammatory response caused by ICI treatment in mouse atherosclerosis models and explore the mechanism of immune-related adverse events. <i>Apoe</i>^<i>-/-</i> mice and <i>Ldlr</i>^<i>-/-</i> mice were treated with an ICI, anti-PD1 (programmed cell death protein 1) antibody, and compared with those injected with either isotype control IgG or saline. The radiotracer ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid)-ECL1i (extracellular loop 1 inverso) was used for PET imaging of CCR2+ macrophages. Atherosclerotic arteries were collected for molecular characterization. CCR2 PET revealed significantly higher radiotracer uptake in both <i>Apoe</i>^<i>-/-</i> and <i>Ldlr</i>^<i>-/-</i> mice treated with anti-PD1 compared with the control groups. The increased expression of CCR2+ cells in <i>Apoe</i>^<i>-/-</i> and <i>Ldlr</i>^<i>-/-</i> mice was confirmed by immunostaining and flow cytometry. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed elevated expression of CCR2 in myeloid cells. Mechanistically, IFNγ (interferon gamma) was essential for aggravated inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque progression following anti-PD1 treatment. Accelerated atherosclerotic plaque inflammation triggered by anti-PD1 treatment can be noninvasively detected by ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid)-ECL1i (extracellular loop 1 inverso) PET. Aggravated plaque inflammation is time- and dose-dependent and predominately mediated by IFNγ signaling. This study warrants further investigation of CCR2 PET as a noninvasive approach to visualize atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and explore the underlying mechanism following ICI treatment.