Visualizing and Understanding the Ionic Liquid-Mediated Polybromide Electrochemistry for Aqueous Zinc-Bromine Redox Batteries.

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-bromine redox systems possess multiple merits for scalable energy storage. Applying bromine complexing agents shows effectiveness in alleviating the key challenge of ubiquitous crossover of reactive liquid bromine species, while the underlying microscopic mechanism requires a deep understanding to engineer better complexing electrochemistry. Herein, taking a series of quaternary ammonium ionic liquids (methyl₄NBr, ethyl₄NBr, propyl₄NBr, and butyl₄NBr) as a redox mediator model, <i>operando</i> optical monitoring was used to visualize the dynamic electrochemical behaviors, unveiling the ionic liquid-mediated polybromide electrochemistry with a distinct chain length effect. A longer chain length possesses a stronger electrostatic interaction in the complexing product to effectively capture Br₂. <i>Operando</i> results reveal the liquid nature of the reversibly electrogenerated polybromide microdroplets in the butyl₄NBr-added redox system, which promoted the Br₃^-/Br^- conversion kinetics and alleviated the self-discharge for improved battery performance. This work provides direct evidence and new insights into complexing electrochemistry for advancing Zn-Br₂ batteries.