High Mortality Rates Among Individuals Misdiagnosed With Tuberculosis: A Matched Retrospective Cohort Study of Individuals Diagnosed With Tuberculosis in Brazil.

Thompson, Ryan R; Kim, Sun; Pelissari, Daniele Maria; Harada, Luiza Ohana; de Barros Silva, José Nildo; Oliveira, Patricia Bartholomay; Castro, Marcia C; Cohen, Ted et al. · J Infect Dis · 2025

retrospective_cohort · Level III

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Abstract

We conducted a matched retrospective cohort study comparing mortality among individuals receiving a false-positive tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis (n = 3701) to individuals correctly diagnosed with TB (n = 8595) in Brazil from 2007 to 2016. Over an average 5.4-year follow-up period, we estimated a mortality rate ratio of 1.95 (95% confidence interval, 1.80-2.11) for individuals incorrectly diagnosed with TB compared to controls. The leading causes of death among the misdiagnosed were malignant neoplasms (40.9%) and respiratory system disorders (15.9%), conditions with symptoms similar to TB. Our findings highlight the need for improved follow-up care after identification of false-positive cases to increase survival for this high-risk population.

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