Advances in Electrochemical Nitrite Reduction toward Nitric Oxide Synthesis for Biomedical Applications.

He, Xun; Zou, Chang; Zhang, Limei; Wu, Peilin; Yao, Yongchao; Dong, Kai; Ren, Yuchun; Hu, Wenchuang Walter et al. · Adv Healthc Mater · 2025

review · Level V

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Abstract

Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential molecule in biomedicine, recognized for its antibacterial properties, neuronal modulation, and use in inhalation therapies. The effectiveness of NO-based treatments relies on precise control of NO concentrations tailored to specific therapeutic needs. Electrochemical generation of NO (E-NOgen) via nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub> <sup>-</sup>) reduction offers a scalable and efficient route for controlled NO production, while also addressing environmental concerns by reducing NO<sub>2</sub> <sup>-</sup> pollution and maintaining nitrogen cycle balance. Recent developments in catalysts and E-NOgen devices have propelled NO<sub>2</sub> <sup>-</sup> conversion, enabling on-demand NO production. This review provides an overview of NO<sub>2</sub> <sup>-</sup> reduction pathways, with a focus on cutting-edge Fe/Cu-based E-NOgen catalysts, and explores the development of E-NOgen devices for biomedical use. Challenges and future directions for advancing E-NOgen technologies are also discussed.

Medical subject headings