Entangling Schrödinger's cat states by bridging discrete- and continuous-variable encoding.

Hoshi, Daisuke; Nagase, Toshiaki; Kwon, Sangil; Iyama, Daisuke; Kamiya, Takahiko; Fujii, Shiori; Mukai, Hiroto; Ahmed, Shahnawaz et al. · Nat Commun · 2025

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

In quantum information processing, two primary research directions have emerged: one based on discrete variables (DV) and the other on the structure of quantum states in a continuous-variable (CV) space. Integrating these two approaches could unlock new potentials, overcoming their respective limitations. Here, we show that such a DV-CV hybrid approach, applied to superconducting Kerr parametric oscillators (KPOs), enables us to entangle a pair of Schrödinger's cat states by two methods. The first involves the entanglement-preserving conversion between Bell states in the Fock-state basis (DV encoding) and those in the cat-state basis (CV encoding). The second method implements a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <msqrt><mrow><mi>iSWAP</mi></mrow> </msqrt> </math> gate between two cat states following the procedure for Fock-state encoding. This simple and fast gate operation completes a universal quantum gate set in a KPO system. Our work offers powerful applications of DV-CV hybridization and marks a first step toward developing a multi-qubit platform based on planar KPO systems.