Benchmarking the diagnostic performance of open source LLMs in 1933 Eurorad case reports.
cross_sectional · Level IV
Where this comes from
- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 39934372.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1038/s41746-025-01488-3 and PMC identifier 11814077.
- Licence recorded as CC BY.
- The licence permits redistribution, so the abstract is shown in full and the full text is available from the publisher.
Abstract
Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have created new ways to support radiological diagnostics. While both open-source and proprietary LLMs can address privacy concerns through local or cloud deployment, open-source models provide advantages in continuity of access, and potentially lower costs. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of fifteen open-source LLMs and one closed-source LLM (GPT-4o) in 1,933 cases from the Eurorad library. LLMs provided differential diagnoses based on clinical history and imaging findings. Responses were considered correct if the true diagnosis appeared in the top three suggestions. Models were further tested on 60 non-public brain MRI cases from a tertiary hospital to assess generalizability. In both datasets, GPT-4o demonstrated superior performance, closely followed by Llama-3-70B, revealing how open-source LLMs are rapidly closing the gap to proprietary models. Our findings highlight the potential of open-source LLMs as decision support tools for radiological differential diagnosis in challenging, real-world cases.