Sunlight drives the abiotic formation of nitrous oxide in fresh and marine waters.

Leon-Palmero, Elizabeth; Morales-Baquero, Rafael; Thamdrup, Bo; Löscher, Carolin; Reche, Isabel · Science · 2025

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) is a potent greenhouse gas and the main stratospheric ozone-depleting agent, yet its sources are not well resolved. In this work, we experimentally show a N<sub>2</sub>O production pathway not previously considered in greenhouse gas budgets, which we name photochemodenitrification. Sunlight induces substantial and consistent N<sub>2</sub>O production under oxic abiotic conditions in fresh and marine waters. We measured photochemical N<sub>2</sub>O production rates using isotope tracers and determined that nitrite is the main substrate and that nitrate can also contribute after being photoreduced to nitrite. Additionally, this N<sub>2</sub>O production was strongly correlated to the radiation dose. Photochemodenitrification exceeded biological N<sub>2</sub>O production in surface waters. Although previously overlooked, this process may contribute considerably to global N<sub>2</sub>O emissions through its occurrence in fresh and marine surface waters.