GLP-1 Agonists for Weight Loss: Do They Increase Complications in Non-diabetic Patients Undergoing Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty?

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists are an effective medication for glycemic control and weight loss. These effects may reduce complications in diabetic patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, there remains a paucity of data on the impact of GLP-1 medications in nondiabetic patients using the medication solely for weight reduction. There is concern that rapid weight loss associated with GLP-1 agonists may lead to malnutrition and increase the risk of postoperative complications in patients undergoing THA. A retrospective query was performed from January 1, 2010, to January 1, 2022, using an insurance claims database to identify patients undergoing primary THA on GLP-1 agonists (n = 839,715). Patients on GLP-1 therapy (n = 5,345) at the time of surgery were propensity score-matched 1:1 to controls who were not on GLP-1 agonists (n = 5,345) based on age, sex, the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, and its components. Patients who had diabetes mellitus were excluded. The 90-day outcomes were evaluated, including medical complications, readmission, and reoperation rates. We also examined the incidence of all-cause revision and implant-related complications at a 2-year follow-up. Odds ratios (ORs) were generated using logistic regression analyses. Patients who were on GLP-1 agonist medications were less likely to develop acute blood loss anemia (OR: 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.34 to 0.96) and require postoperative transfusion (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.78) or visit the emergency department within 90 days of surgery (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.69 to 0.92) when compared to patients who did not have GLP-1 therapy. Patients were at comparable risk of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, and sepsis regardless of GLP-1 status (P > 0.05). Notably, the rate of aspiration pneumonia was similar between groups (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.19). Also, GLP-1 therapy did not put patients at higher risk of surgical complications, including periprosthetic joint infection, instability, fracture, loosening, or all-cause revision, at 90 days and two years (P > 0.05). Use of a GLP-1 agonist does not appear to increase the odds of postoperative medical and surgical complications after THA in nondiabetic patients taking GLP-1 medications for weight loss alone.