De novo clustering of large long-read transcriptome datasets with isONclust3.

Abstract

Long-read sequencing techniques can sequence transcripts from end to end, greatly improving our ability to study the transcription process. Although there are several well-established tools for long-read transcriptome analysis, most are reference-based. This limits the analysis of organisms without high-quality reference genomes and samples or genes with high variability (e.g. cancer samples or some gene families). In such settings, analysis using a reference-free method is favorable. The computational problem of clustering long reads by region of common origin is well-established for reference-free transcriptome analysis pipelines. Such clustering enables large datasets to be split roughly by gene family and, therefore, an independent analysis of each cluster. There exist tools for this. However, none of those tools can efficiently process the large amount of reads that are now generated by long-read sequencing technologies. We present isONclust3, an improved algorithm over isONclust and isONclust2, to cluster massive long-read transcriptome datasets into gene families. Like isONclust, isONclust3 represents each cluster with a set of minimizers. However, unlike other approaches, isONclust3 dynamically updates the cluster representation during clustering by adding high-confidence minimizers from new reads assigned to the cluster and employs an iterative cluster-merging step. We show that isONclust3 yields results with higher or comparable quality to state-of-the-art algorithms but is 10-100 times faster on large datasets. Also, using a 256 Gb computing node, isONclust3 was the only tool that could cluster 37 million PacBio reads, which is a typical throughput of the recent PacBio Revio sequencing machine. https://github.com/aljpetri/isONclust3.