Tracking Molecular Signatures at ppb Sensitivity Using Fluctuational Kinetics in Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Srinivasan, Balasubramanian; Phani, Arindam; Mu, Xueliang; Kim, Keekyoung; Park, Simon; Kim, Seonghwan · Nano Lett · 2025

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Biological systems achieve parts-per-billion (ppb) sensitivity in gas detection by tracking molecular fluctuations over time─a level of precision that remains difficult to replicate in engineered sensors. Conventional sensing relies on adsorption processes that require activation energies (<i>E</i><sub><i>a</i></sub>) ∼10 <i>k</i><sub>B</sub><i>T</i>, resulting in exponentially long equilibration times and limited selectivity due to small differences in <i>E</i><sub><i>a</i></sub> among analytes. Here, we show that volatile organics interacting with a ∼200 nm-thick nanoporous metal-organic framework (MOF), when subjected to shear-induced strain via a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), exhibit a secondary fluctuational adsorption time scale distinct from the steady-state response. This emergent kinetic signature allows for reliable molecular discrimination at sensitivities down to ∼100 ppb. Our approach introduces a new selectivity metric based on dynamic adsorption kinetics, opening avenues for real-time molecular identification in environmental monitoring, portable diagnostics, and selective detection in chemically complex settings.