Scalable and durable module-sized artificial leaf with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 10.
basic_science · Level V
Where this comes from
- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 40328823.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-59597-2 and PMC identifier 12056055.
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Abstract
An artificial leaf mimicking the function of a natural leaf has recently attracted significant attention due to its minimal space requirement and low cost compared to wired photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic-electrochemical systems for solar hydrogen production. However, it remains a challenge to achieve a practical-size solar water-splitting device that can fulfill the criteria of a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency above 10%, long-term durability, and scalability. Here, we develop 1 cm<sup>2</sup> perovskite-based photoelectrodes using a defect-less, chlorine-doped formamidinium lead triiodide as photo-absorber and ultraviolet-insensitive tin oxide as an electron transport layers. This device is encapsulated using electrocatalyst-deposited nickel foils, which demonstrates high photocurrent density and high stability for 140 h. Ultimately, we fabricate a scalable mini-module-sized artificial leaf (16 cm<sup>2</sup>) consisting of a side-by-side/parallel configuration of photoanode and photocathode architecture integrated with a 4 × 4 array of 1 cm<sup>2</sup> photoelectrodes, which maintains a stable 'module-level' solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 11.2% in an unbiased solar water-splitting under 1-sun illumination.