DeepAllo: allosteric site prediction using protein language model (pLM) with multitask learning.

Abstract

Allostery, the process by which binding at one site perturbs a distant site, is being rendered as a key focus in the field of drug development with its substantial impact on protein function. The identification of allosteric pockets (sites) is a challenging task and several techniques have been developed, including Machine Learning to predict allosteric pockets that utilize both static and pocket features. Our work, DeepAllo, is the first study that combines fine-tuned protein language model (pLM) with FPocket features and shows an increase in prediction performance of allosteric sites over previous studies. The pLM model was fine-tuned on AlloSteric Database (ASD) in Multitask Learning setting and was further used as a feature extractor to train XGBoost and AutoML models. The best model predicts allosteric pockets with 89.66% F1 score and 90.5% of allosteric pockets in the top 3 positions, outperforming previous results. A case study has been performed on proteins with known allosteric pockets, which shows the proof of our approach. Moreover, an effort was made to explain the pLM by visualizing its attention mechanism among allosteric and non-allosteric residues. The source code is available on GitHub (https://github.com/MoaazK/deepallo) and archived on Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15255379). The trained model is hosted on Hugging Face (DOI: 10.57967/hf/5198). The dataset used for training and evaluation is archived on Zenodo (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15255437).