3D laminar flow-assisted crystallization of perovskites for square meter-sized solar modules.

Yan, Buyi; Dai, Wanlei; Wang, Zheng; Zhong, Zhiming; Zhang, Lei; Yu, Mingqiang; Zhou, Qianjin; Ma, Qianling et al. · Science · 2025

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Transforming laboratory-scale perovskite solar cells to large-scale production will require uniform crystallization of the perovskite film. We designed a method to aid the crystallization process by generating well-defined three-dimensional (3D) laminar airflow over square meter-sized perovskite films using a customized 3D-printed structure. The resultant perovskite solar modules with areas of 0.7906 square meters had a certified power conversion efficiency of 15.0% and achieved compliance with three sets of solar cell standards. Our metrics for a 1-year operational study from a 0.5-megawatt peak power perovskite solar farm indicate a 29% higher energy yield per kilowatt of installed capacity compared with that of silicon modules at the same facility that primarily resulted from their temperature-dependent operational characteristics.