AI in Neurology: Everything, Everywhere, all at Once PART 2: Speech, Sentience, Scruples, and Service.

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are finding use in real-world neurological settings. Whereas part 1 of this 3-part review series focused on the birth of AI and its foundational principles, this part 2 review shifts gears to explore more practical aspects of neurological care. The review details how large language models, generative AI, and robotics are supporting diagnostic accuracy, patient interaction, and treatment personalization. Special attention is given to ethical and philosophical facets of AI that nonetheless impact practical aspects of care and patient safety, such as accountability for AI-driven decisions and the "black box" nature of many algorithms. We will discuss whether AI systems can develop sentience, and the implications for human-AI collaboration. By examining human-robot interactions in neurology, this part 2 review highlights the profound impact AI could have on patient care and, as covered in the ensuing part 3, on global health care delivery and data analytics, while maintaining ethical oversight and human control. ANN NEUROL 2025;98:431-447.