Smart bioelectronic materials and systems for regenerative tissue engineering.

Abstract

Regenerative medicine with stem cells has played a pivotal role in tissue engineering, demonstrating remarkable potential to address degenerative diseases and tissue deficiencies. Despite its great potential, this field faces significant challenges, including the need to control cellular behavior, achieve real-time monitoring, and standardize stimulation protocols. To address these technical hurdles, the integration of stem cells with smart bioelectronic materials and devices has emerged as a groundbreaking paradigm in regenerative medicine, offering huge potential for improved therapeutic outcomes in various tissue engineering applications. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of smart bioelectronic systems in regenerative medicine. It reviews recent advances in bioelectronic materials for cellular interfacing, functional device platforms, and real-time physiological monitoring and biophysical stimulation systems. Furthermore, it highlights how these technologies are applied in vascular, cardiac, neural, and bone tissue engineering to support the regeneration and functional integration. With representative case studies, this review underscores how regenerative bioelectronics enables dynamic, tissue-specific therapies across biomedical fields.