Perspective on Nano-Enabled Photostimulation Biointerfaces.

Abstract

Nanostructures enable precise control of biological systems through photoelectrochemical, photothermal, and photocatalytic mechanisms at the cellular and subcellular levels. Here, we discuss three emerging directions in nano-enabled photostimulation biointerfaces. First, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven materials design and high-throughput screening accelerate discovery of optimized nanostructures. Second, innovative device architectures─including robotic assisted and closed-loop platforms─provide real-time monitoring and precise light delivery. Third, expanding applications in tissue engineering and biohybrid systems foster advances in regenerative medicine and neural modulation. By integrating these approaches with nanotechnology, future photostimulation platforms promise highly efficient, customizable, and minimally invasive therapies, offering opportunities in targeted drug delivery, personalized healthcare, and sustainable biomedical technologies.