Non-Majorana origin of anomalous current-phase relation and Josephson diode effect in Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>/NbSe<sub>2</sub> Josephson junctions.

Kudriashov, Andrei; Zhou, Xiangyu; Hovhannisyan, Razmik A; Frolov, Alexander S; Elesin, Leonid; Wang, Yi Bo; Zharkova, Ekaterina V; Taniguchi, Takashi et al. · Sci Adv · 2025

basic_science · Level V

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Abstract

Josephson junctions (JJs) are key to superconducting quantum technologies and the search for self-conjugate quasiparticles potentially useful for fault-tolerant quantum computing. In topological insulator (TI)-based JJs, measuring the current-phase relation (CPR) can reveal unconventional effects such as Majorana bound states (MBS) and nonreciprocal transport. However, reconstructing CPR as a function of magnetic field has not been attempted. Here, we present a platform for field-dependent CPR measurements in planar JJs made of NbSe<sub>2</sub> and few-layer Bi<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>3</sub>. When a flux quantum [Formula: see text] threads the junction, we observe anomalous peak-dip CPR structure and nonreciprocal supercurrent flow. We show that these arise from a nonuniform supercurrent distribution that also leads to a robust and tunable Josephson diode effect. Furthermore, despite numerous previous studies, we find no evidence of MBS. Our results establish magnetic field-dependent CPR as a powerful probe of TI-based superconducting devices and offer design strategies for nonreciprocal superconducting electronics.