Finite element analysis of femoral stress and deformation during progressive squat postures.

Abstract

To investigate the mechanical behavior of the human femur under body weight during progressive squatting using finite element analysis. A static simulation was conducted to evaluate load distribution, deformation, and stress patterns in the femur across various squatting postures, defined by increasing knee flexion angles. The femoral head exhibited the highest deformation, with a maximum value of 18.167 mm at 90° of knee flexion. Minor deformation was also noted in the greater trochanter region. The distal femur consistently experienced the greatest stress, with the stress concentration shifting circumferentially depending on posture. In standing, knee-bend, chair, and pre-squat positions, the stress was primarily located at the anterior distal femur, while in the deep squat posture, it shifted to the posterior region. Among all positions, the pre-squat posture generated the highest stress magnitudes. The findings provide detailed insight into femoral biomechanics during squatting and may support improved orthopaedic assessment, injury prevention strategies, and rehabilitation protocols.