The use of bone morphogenetic protein-2 compared with platelet-derived growth factor for the treatment of nonunion : a comparative investigation in a small animal critical-sized defect model.

Abstract

The management of nonunions continues to challenge orthopaedic surgeons. The application of growth factors represents a potential strategy to promote healing in such patients. The aim of this study was to compare two commercially available growth factors, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), to assess their individual and relative efficacy in a small animal model of nonunion. A total of 50 male Fischer 344 rats received one of five forms of treatment for a femoral diaphyseal defect: 1) control; 2) PDGF carrier; 3) PDGF treatment; 4) BMP-2 carrier; and 5) BMP-2 treatment. After ten weeks, radiographs were assessed for bone formation and union, with the femora being subjected to micro-CT analysis and biomechanical testing. BMP-2 treatment resulted in a 100% rate of radiological union. This was significantly different from all other groups (p < 0.05), with a correspondingly significantly higher mean radiological score than the PDGF treatment group (p =0.004). Similarly, micro-CT analysis demonstrated a significantly increased mean bone volume and bone volume fraction with BMP-2 treatment compared with PDGF (p < 0.01). Under mechanical testing, the BMP-2 treatment group also demonstrated significantly increased maximum stiffness compared with all other groups (p < 0.05), with significantly increased ultimate torque and yield point compared with the PDGF treatment group (p < 0.001). BMP-2 treatment resulted in significantly improved healing compared with PDGF treatment in a small animal model of nonunion, using clinically relevant carriers. BMP-2 may thus be superior to PDGF in the treatment of nonunions and segmental bony defects.