Dual-structure-breaking electrolyte enables practical cadmium-metal battery.
basic_science · Level V
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- Record sourced from PubMed, PMID 40595533.
- Also identified by DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-60740-2 and PMC identifier 12216936.
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Abstract
High-energy aqueous metal batteries are promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems but face critical challenges of dendrite and corrosion in metal negative electrodes. To address these issues, we report an aqueous cadmium-metal battery employing a fast-kinetics structure-breaking electrolyte composed of CdCl<sub>2</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub>Cl. The addition of NH<sub>4</sub>Cl induces the formation of dual structure breakers, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and tetrachlorocomplex ([CdCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>), which facilitate fast charge transfer kinetics in aqueous cadmium-metal batteries and endow dendrite-free/corrosion-resistant capabilities to Cd negative electrodes. This tailored electrolyte realizes a convincing Coulombic efficiency (99.93%) for Cd plating/stripping behavior at a high Cd utilization of 55%, making it suitable for practical applications. Moreover, the fast-kinetics aqueous cadmium-metal batteries exhibit remarkable compatibility with diverse types of positive electrodes, including conversion-, coordination-, intercalation- and capacitance-type, offering enhanced rate performance and durable rechargeable stability. These results establish a robust and scalable aqueous battery design for sustainable energy storage systems.