M^Ⅱ-polyphosphate-based wax-like material with osteogenesis and blood occlusion.

Abstract

There is a constant need for materials that combine hemostasis and osteogenesis in orthopedic surgery. Current hemostatic materials lack biodegradability, osteogenic properties, and hemostatic efficacy. In this study, we developed a wax-like co-doped polyphosphate (CoPPW) by chelating sodium polyphosphate with cationic ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Sr²⁺). Our results demonstrate that CoPPW was malleable and degraded optimally, releasing Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions initially and losing weight over 4 weeks. In vitro, CoPPW promoted better cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation than beeswax, likely due to ion release. RT-PCR and transcriptome sequencing revealed that CoPPW significantly upregulated osteogenesis-related genes and bone-related protein expression. The activation of the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway confirmed osteogenesis, while the coagulation cascade pathway indicated effective hemostasis. In vivo, CoPPW was more effective in promoting bone regeneration and hemostasis compared to bone wax. Overall, CoPPW exhibits excellent hemostatic and osteogenic effects, making it a promising candidate for bone repair applications.