Endovascular surgery does not mitigate the adverse effects of frailty on the risk of losing life or limb.

Abstract

Evidence behind frail patients preferentially undergoing minimally invasive endovascular interventions for peripheral arterial disease remains sparse; thus, we evaluated the association of frailty and revascularization-approach with long-term mortality and major adverse limb events (MALEs). The Vascular Quality Initiative-Medicare-linked Vascular Implant Surveillance and Interventional Outcomes Network databases were queried for patients who had their first infrainguinal open or endovascular (endo) procedure between 2011 and 2015 (n = 27,200). Frailty was measured using the Vascular Quality Initiative Risk Analysis Index (RAI) and dichotomized into frail (RAI ≥ 37) and nonfrail (RAI < 37). The primary end points were 4-year mortality and MALE (major amputation and/or reintervention). Associations of frailty and approach were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariable Cox hazards regression using an interaction term and stratified by whether the procedure was performed for claudication or chronic-limb threatening ischemia (CLTI). Frail patients experienced significantly worse mortality and amputation-free survival, but both frail and nonfrail patients experienced worse survival after an endovascular first approach (both log-rank P < .001). In adjusted Cox regression, frail patients with CLTI were at significantly increased risk of amputation (hazard ratio [HR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-1.56; P < .0001), MALE (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1-1.19; P = .049), and mortality (HR, 2.70; 95% CI, 2.51-2.89; P < .0001) and an endovascular approach for CLTI demonstrated a similar pattern of adverse outcomes. However, interaction terms were not significant; the effects of frailty and approach did not influence each other. In patients with claudication, frailty was associated with increased mortality (HR, 3.05; 95% CI, 2.40-3.86; P < .0001) but not MALE, and an endovascular approach was associated with increased MALE but not amputation; interaction terms were again not significant. Endovascular approach did not mitigate the adverse effects of frailty on life and limb-related outcomes, thereby underscoring the need for frailty screening and accordingly tailoring treatment and managing expectations given their high mortality risk.